BARK: A PowerShell script was created to aid the BloodHound Enterprise team in locating and regularly validating abuse primitives.

BloodHound Attack Research Kit is referred to as BARK. It is a PowerShell script created to help the BloodHound Enterprise team find and keep track of abuse primitives. At the moment, BARK is concentrated on Microsoft’s Azure family of goods and services.

There are no external dependencies needed for BARK. The functions of BARK are created to be as straightforward and maintainable as possible. The majority of functions are incredibly basic request wrappers for various REST API endpoints. The fundamental BARK functions don’t even have to be used together; you can take almost any BARK function out of BARK, and it will function flawlessly on its own in your own scripts.

Getting Started

There are many ways to import a PowerShell script. Here’s one way:

First, download BARK.ps1 by cloning this repo or simply copy/pasting its raw contents from GitHub.

git clone https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BARK
Now, cd into the directory where the PS1 is:

cd BARK
Finally, you can dot import the PS1 like this:

. .\BARK.ps1
Hit enter, and your PowerShell instance will now have access to all of BARK’s functions.

Running your first BARK commands

With very few exceptions, Azure API endpoints require authentication to interact with. BARK comes with a few functions that will help you acquire the necessary tokens for interacting with the MS Graph and Azure REST APIs. Any BARK function that interacts with an Azure API that requires authentication will require you to supply a token.

Let’s say you want to list all of the users in an Azure Active Directory tenant. You first need to get a token scoped for MS Graph. There are many ways to get this token:

If you have a username/password combination for an AzureAD user in that tenant, you can first acquire a refresh token for the user using BARK’s Get-AZRefreshTokenWithUsernamePassword function:

$MyRefreshTokenRequest = Get-AZRefreshTokenWithUsernamePassword -username “arobbins@contoso.onmicrosoft.com” -password “MyVeryCoolPassword” -TenantID “contoso.onmicrosoft.com”
The resulting object you just created, $MyRefreshTokenRequest, will have as part of it a refresh token for your user. You can now request an MS Graph-scoped token using this refresh token:

$MyMSGraphToken = Get-MSGraphTokenWithRefreshToken -RefreshToken $MyRefreshTokenRequest.refresh_token -TenantID “contoso.onmicrosoft.com”
Now this new object, $MyMSGraphToken, will have as one of its property values an MS Graph-scoped JWT for your user. You are now ready to use this token to list all the users in the AzureAD tenant:

$MyAADUsers = Get-AllAzureADUsers -Token $MyMSGraphToken.access_token -ShowProgress
Once finished, the $MyAADUsers variable will be populated by objects representing all of the users in your AzureAD tenant.

Token Management and Manipulation Functions

Parse-JWTToken will take a Base64 encoded JWT as input and parse it for you. Useful for verifying correct token audience and claims.
Get-AZRefreshTokenWithUsernamePassword requests a collection of tokens, including a refresh token, from login.microsoftonline.com with a user-supplied username and password. This will fail if the user has Multi-Factor Authentication requirements or is affected by a Conditional Access Policy.
Get-MSGraphTokenWithClientCredentials requests an MS Graph-scoped JWT with a client ID and secret. Useful for authenticating as an AzureAD service principal.
Get-MSGraphTokenWithRefreshToken requests an MS Graph-scoped JWT with a user-supplied refresh token.
Get-MSGraphTokenWithPortalAuthRefreshToken requests an MS Graph-scoped JWT with a user-supplied Azure Portal Auth Refresh token.
Get-AzureRMTokenWithClientCredentials requests an AzureRM-scoped JWT with a client ID and secret. Useful for authenticating as an AzureAD service principal.
Get-ARMTokenWithPortalAuthRefreshToken requests an AzureRM-scoped JWT with a user-supplied Azure Portal Auth Refresh token.
Get-ARMTokenWithRefreshToken requests an AzureRM-scoped JWT with a user-supplied refresh token.
Get-AzurePortalTokenWithRefreshToken requests an Azure Portal Auth Refresh token with a user-supplied refresh token.
The refresh token-based functions in BARK are based on functions in https://github.com/rvrsh3ll/TokenTactics by [https://twitter.com/424f424f](Steve Borosh)

Abuse Functions

Set-AZUserPassword will attempt to set the password of another user to a new user-provided value.
Reset-AZUserPassword will attempt to reset the password of another user. If successful, the output will contain the new, Azure-generated password of the user
New-AzureRMRoleAssignment will attempt to grant a user-specified AzureRM role assignment to a particular principal over a certain scope.
New-AppRegSecret will attempt to create a new secret for an existing AzureAD app registration.
New-ServicePrincipalSecret will attempt to create a new secret for an existing AzureAD service principal.
New-AppRoleAssignment will attempt to grant an app role to a service principal. For example, you can use this to grant a service principal the RoleManagement.ReadWrite.Directory app role.
Enumeration Functions
Get-AzureRMRoleDefinitions collects all role definitions described at a subscription scope, including custom roles.
Get-MGAppRoles collects the app roles made available by the MS Graph service principal.
Get-AllAzureADApps collects all AzureAD application registration objects.
Get-AllAzureADServicePrincipals collects all AzureAD service principal objects.
Get-AllAzureADUsers collects all AzureAD users.
Get-AllAzureADGroups collects all AzureAD groups.
Get-AllAzureRMSubscriptions collects all AzureRM subscriptions.

Meta Functions

Test-AzureRMAddSelfToAzureRMRole used in abuse validation testing to determine whether a service principal with certain rights can grant itself the User Access Admin role over a subscription.
Test-AzureRMCreateFunction used in abuse validation testing to test if a service principal can add a new function to an existing function app.
Invoke-AllAzureRMAbuseTests performs all AzureRM abuse validation tests and outputs a resulting object that describes which AzureRM roles granted the ability to perform each abuse.
Remove-AbuseTestAzureRMRoles is a clean-up function for removing AzureRM admin roles created during testing.
Remove-AbuseTestServicePrincipals cleans up abuse tests by removing the serivce principals that were created during testing.
New-TestAppReg creates an application registration object for the explicit purpose of abuse validation testing.
New-TestSP creates a new service principal and associates it with the app created by the above function.
Test-MGAddSelfAsOwnerOfApp is used in abuse validation testing to determine whether a service principal with a particular privilege can grant itself ownership of an existing AzureAD app.
Test-MGAddSelfAsOwnerOfSP is used in abuse validation testing to determine whether a service principal with a particular privilege can grant itself ownership of an existing AzureAD service principal.
Test-MGAddSelfToAADRole is used in abuse validation testing to determine whether a service principal with a particular privilege can add itself to an AzureAD admin role – Global Admin, for example.
Test-MGAddSelfToMGAppRoleis used in abuse validation testing to determine whether a service principal with a particular privilege can grant itself a particular MS Graph app role without admin consent.
Test-MGAddOwnerToRoleEligibleGroup is used to test whether a service principal can grant itself explicit ownership of a role assignable group.
Test-MGAddMemberToRoleEligibleGroup is used to test whether the service principal can add itself to a role assignable group.
Test-MGAddSecretToSP is used to test whether the service principal can add a new secret to an existing service principal.
Test-MGAddSecretToApp is used to test whether the service principal can add a new secret to an existing app.
Invoke-AllAzureMGAbuseTests performs all abuse validation tests that can be executed by holding an MS Graph app role. Returns an object describing which privileges were successful at performing each abuse test.
Invoke-AllAzureADAbuseTests performs all abuse validation tests that can be executed by principals granted AzureAD admin roles. Returns an object describing which privileges were successful at performing each abuse test.
ConvertTo-Markdown is used for massaging output from the Invoke-Tests functions for usage in another platform.